Introduction to MOTS-c
MOTS-c (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c) is a 16‑amino‑acid peptide encoded within the mitochondrial genome, specifically from the 12S rRNA region. Unlike the vast majority of cellular peptides that originate from nuclear genes, MOTS-c is translated within mitochondria and can then be released into the cytosol and circulation. This unusual biogenesis positions MOTS-c as a unique signaling molecule that links mitochondrial gene expression to systemic metabolic regulation.
Research over the past decade has demonstrated that MOTS-c plays a significant role in metabolic homeostasis and cellular energy balance. In cell‑based and animal model experiments, the peptide has been observed to influence glucose utilization, promote AMP‑activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling, and enhance mitochondrial respiration. These observations support a model in which MOTS-c acts as a retrograde mitochondrial signal, translating information about the mitochondrial metabolic state into broader cellular adjustments. Consequently, MOTS-c raw material for sale is increasingly sought by academic laboratories and pharmaceutical research teams investigating mitochondrial biology, metabolic disorders, and mechanisms of cellular stress adaptation.
The capacity of MOTS-c to modulate pathways linked to mitochondrial biogenesis and energy expenditure has made it a subject of intense study in contexts such as cellular aging, exercise physiology, and insulin signaling. In vitro experiments with cultured myotubes and hepatocytes have shown enhanced glucose uptake and improved mitochondrial function following exposure to synthetic MOTS-c, while in vivo rodent studies have documented altered metabolic profiles and endurance performance. Because MOTS-c is naturally present in human plasma and its levels fluctuate with physiological conditions, researchers are actively exploring its potential as a biomarker for mitochondrial function. For all these experimental directions, access to highly purified, well‑characterized MOTS-c raw material for sale is a critical prerequisite, and the peptide must meet rigorous quality standards to ensure reproducible data.
产品规格
The synthetic MOTS-c supplied for laboratory research is a highly purified lyophilized powder that meets defined analytical criteria. Every batch is synthesized using solid‑phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) and purified by reverse‑phase high‑performance liquid chromatography (RP‑HPLC). The final product is supplied as a sterile, non‑pyrogenic, lyophilized powder sealed under inert gas in glass vials that protect the material from moisture and oxidation. The amino acid sequence is Methionine‑Arginine‑Tryptophan‑Glutamine‑Glutamic acid‑Methionine‑Glycine‑Tyrosine‑Isoleucine‑Phenylalanine‑Arginine‑Glycine‑Lysine‑Proline, which corresponds to the mature MOTS-c form and carries a monoisotopic molecular weight of approximately 2,174.5 g/mol.
Purity and Characterization
The standard purity specification for MOTS-c raw material for sale is ≥95% as determined by analytical RP‑HPLC at 214 nm. Identity is confirmed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‑MS) or matrix‑assisted laser desorption/ionization time‑of‑flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‑TOF MS). In addition to routine HPLC and MS, amino acid analysis following acid hydrolysis verifies the expected molar ratios of the component residues, and peptide‑content determination by UV spectrophotometry at 280 nm (based on the absorbance of the single tryptophan and tyrosine residues) allows accurate quantification of the peptide amount in each vial, correcting for counterions and residual water. Endotoxin levels are controlled to below 1 EU/mg, making the product suitable for cell‑based assays where LPS contamination could confound readouts of metabolic or inflammatory pathways.
Form and Packaging
Researchers can procure MOTS-c raw material for sale in a range of predispensed quantities, typically 1 mg, 5 mg, and 10 mg vials, with custom bulk packaging available for high‑throughput studies or institutional core facilities. The lyophilized form is recommended for long‑term storage; it should be reconstituted shortly before use in an appropriate sterile buffer (e.g., phosphate‑buffered saline, 10 mM Tris‑HCl, or water for injection) according to the experimental solubility requirements. Following reconstitution, the solution can be aliquoted and stored at –20°C or –80°C to minimize freeze‑thaw degradation. The manufacturer seals each vial under a dry argon or nitrogen atmosphere and includes detailed resuspension guidelines with the shipment.
Quality Control and Assurance
All lots of MOTS-c raw material for sale are manufactured in monitoring environments consistent with ISO‑certified quality management systems. Each synthesis and purification step is documented, and the final material undergoes a comprehensive panel of release tests. A Certificate of Analysis (CoA) accompanies every order and serves as a verifiable summary of the batch‑specific attributes. Stability studies conducted under recommended storage conditions (–20°C, protected from light and moisture) indicate that the lyophilized peptide retains its purity and biological activity for at least 24 months. Real‑time and accelerated stability testing continues to refine the assigned shelf life and to validate the packaging integrity.
Analytical Methods
Purity is assessed by reverse‑phase HPLC using a C18 column and a linear gradient of acetonitrile in water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. The main peak typically accounts for more than 95% of the integrated area. Mass identity is confirmed by MALDI‑TOF MS or ESI‑MS, with the observed molecular ion matching the theoretical monoisotopic mass within 1 Da. For additional confirmation, peptide mapping after tryptic digestion and tandem mass spectrometry (LC‑MS/MS) can be performed on representative batches. Quantification of the peptide content per vial is determined by UV absorbance at 280 nm using a calibrated extinction coefficient, ensuring that the stated quantity accurately reflects the net peptide amount rather than the total lyophilized weight, which includes counterions and water.
Certificates of Analysis
The CoA for each batch of MOTS-c raw material for sale includes the batch‑specific lot number, date of manufacture, retest date, and critical quality attributes: purity percentage, mass‑spectral identity, net peptide content, endotoxin level, and appearance of the lyophilized cake. Residual solvent analysis (typically for trifluoroacetic acid and acetonitrile) and elemental impurity profiling may be included, depending on the testing panel selected. These documents can be downloaded from the supplier’s customer portal upon request, allowing procurement and quality‑assurance teams to review the data before initiating experiments. Clients with additional validation requirements can discuss bespoke testing packages during the quotation process.
Applications in Research
The primary use of MOTS-c raw material for sale is in preclinical research aimed at deciphering mitochondrial‑to‑nuclear communication and metabolic control. In cellular models, synthetic MOTS-c is added to culture medium to examine its effects on insulin‑independent glucose uptake, AMPK phosphorylation, and expression of genes involved in oxidative metabolism. Experiments in differentiated C2C12 myotubes, L6 myocytes, and primary hepatocytes have provided evidence that MOTS-c enhances glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) translocation and increases oxygen consumption rate, consistent with a shift toward oxidative energy production. These findings underscore the peptide’s value as a molecular tool in studies of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome – all pursued at the basic‑science level without any therapeutic inference.
Another active area of investigation focuses on mitochondrial biogenesis and cellular aging. Research groups have reported that exogenous MOTS-c can stimulate mitochondrial DNA replication and expression of PGC‑1α, a master regulator of mitochondrial genesis, in aged or metabolically compromised cells. Such effects are examined in the context of sarcopenia, age‑related decline in muscle function, and the cellular senescence that accompanies mitochondrial dysfunction. Because synthetic MOTS-c is chemically defined and scalable, it offers a reproducible probe for dissecting the signaling cascades that follow mitochondrial‑peptide release, including potential crosstalk with the nuclear factor erythroid 2‑related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant response pathway.
The peptide is also utilized in exercise physiology research. Rodent studies have shown that MOTS-c administration, combined with exercise, can modify metabolic adaptation and endurance capacity, pointing to an endogenous role in the organism’s response to physical activity. Translational laboratories use MOTS-c raw material for sale to explore how mitochondrial‑derived peptides may coordinate muscle‑liver‑adipose tissue communication during exercise and fasting. Because these investigations are strictly limited to laboratory models, any extrapolation to human performance is premature, but the availability of high‑purity peptide enables well‑controlled, reproducible experiments.
Ordering and Supply
A reliable supply chain for MOTS-c raw material for sale is essential for long‑term research programs. The supplier accepts purchase orders from accredited academic institutions, pharmaceutical R&D departments, and authorized distributors. Standard catalog sizes are typically held in inventory and can be dispatched within a few business days. Larger or custom‑formatted orders are processed with a lead time of approximately 2–3 weeks, allowing sufficient time for synthesis, purification, and the full quality‑control cycle. Temperature‑controlled packaging using validated dry‑ice shipments ensures the peptide remains at –20°C or below during transit, regardless of the destination’s ambient conditions.
Bulk Quantities
For investigators planning large‑scale screening campaigns or longitudinal animal studies, bulk quantities of MOTS-c raw material for sale are available. The minimum order for bulk pricing is typically 100 mg, with scaled discounts applied to 250 mg, 500 mg, and 1 g quantities. Customers requiring an analog, a labeled derivative (e.g., with stable isotopes for mass‑spectrometry quantification), or a modified sequence can request custom peptide synthesis services. Quote requests are handled through a dedicated account manager and are usually returned within 24 hours, along with a detailed technical proposal and timeline.
Shipping and Storage
All MOTS-c shipments are packed with dry ice in insulated containers designed to maintain cryogenic conditions for up to 72 hours. Upon receipt, the lyophilized peptide should be immediately transferred to a –20°C or –80°C freezer, protected from light and humidity. Before opening the vial, it is advisable to allow the container to equilibrate to room temperature inside a desiccator to prevent condensation on the product. Once reconstituted, peptide solutions should be aliquoted into single‑use volumes and stored frozen. Repeated freeze‑thaw cycles compromise peptide integrity and may lead to aggregation or loss of activity; therefore, any unused reconstituted material should be discarded after one thaw. Storage recommendations are based on real‑time stability data that support product integrity under these conditions.
仅限研究用途的说明： All MOTS-c raw material described herein is intended exclusively for laboratory research purposes. It is not for use in humans, animals intended for food production, or any clinical, diagnostic, or therapeutic application. The information provided is based on peer‑reviewed literature and internal quality‑control data and does not constitute a recommendation for any use beyond in vitro and in vivo preclinical experimentation.
仅限研究用途。不得用于人类或兽医用途。.
