VIP（血管活性肠肽）

产品概览

VIP is produced in the gut, pancreas, and hypothalamus. It stimulates heart contractions, causes vasodilation, lowers blood pressure, increases glycogen breakdown, relaxes smooth muscle in the trachea, stomach, and gallbladder, and modulates GI motility and secretion. In the brain, it affects blood flow, melatonin production, and circadian rhythm.

作用机制

VIP binds to VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors, triggering G-alpha-mediated signaling cascades that increase cAMP and PKA activity. PKA then activates transcriptional factors including CREB, and regulates molecular clock genes Per1 and Per2 for circadian rhythm modulation. VIP is co-released with GABA, influencing neural synchronization.

主要优势

Anti-Inflammatory — Decreases most inflammatory cytokines. Shows anti-inflammatory effects in arthritis models and may support immune tolerance by suppressing Th1 and promoting Th2 responses.

Immune Balance — Studied for autoimmune/inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Crohn's disease.

Brain Health — Neuroprotective properties that increase cellular resistance against oxidative stress, support neuronal survival, and exert anti-anxiety effects.

Antimicrobial Activity — Displays antimicrobial properties against various pathogens including Streptococcus, E. coli, Pseudomonas, and Candida in laboratory studies.

Metabolic Regulation — Influences blood glucose, insulin, and leptin levels. VIP-deficient models show elevated glucose and enhanced sweet taste preference linked to leptin resistance.

参考资料

1. Vosko AM, et al. Vasoactive intestinal peptide and the mammalian circadian system. *Gen Comp Endocrinol.* 2007;152(2–3):165–175.
2. Maduna T, Lelievre V. Neuropeptides shaping the CNS development: spatiotemporal actions of VIP and PACAP. *J Neurosci Res.* 2016;94(12):1472–1487.
3. Kingsbury MA. New perspectives on VIP as a widespread modulator of social behavior. *Curr Opin Behav Sci.* 2015;6:139–147.