Overview of MOTS-c
MOTS-c is a mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded within the mitochondrial genome, specifically from the 12S rRNA region. This 16‑amino‑acid peptide was first characterized in cell-based investigations and has since attracted considerable attention in metabolic and aging research. The peptide is believed to participate in retrograde signaling from mitochondria to the nucleus, enabling coordination of cellular metabolism under conditions of energetic stress.
In laboratory studies, MOTS-c has been observed to influence pathways associated with nutrient sensing, energy balance, and mitochondrial function. Research groups worldwide are examining its role in cellular models of insulin response, oxidative phosphorylation, and stress adaptation. Because MOTS‑c circulates in plasma and its levels have been shown to correlate with certain metabolic states in observational studies, it is a molecule of keen interest for fundamental biological inquiry.
Suppliers provide MOTS‑c bulk powder for research to support these laboratory investigations. The product is synthesized using solid‑phase peptide synthesis and purified to high standards, making it suitable for a wide range of in vitro and ex vivo experimental applications. All offerings are strictly for laboratory research use only, not for human or veterinary applications.
Chemical and Physical Properties
Amino Acid Sequence and Molecular Characteristics
MOTS‑c is a linear, unmodified peptide with the primary sequence MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR (Met–Arg–Trp–Gln–Glu–Met–Gly–Tyr–Ile–Phe–Tyr–Pro–Arg–Lys–Leu–Arg). The peptide contains 16 residues and includes aromatic, hydrophobic, and basic amino acids that contribute to its secondary structure and interaction with binding partners in experimental systems. The molecular weight of the full sequence is approximately 2173.6 Da, a value consistently confirmed by mass spectrometry in quality‑controlled batches.
Physical Form and Purity
MOTS‑c bulk powder for research is supplied as a sterile, lyophilized solid. The appearance is typically white to off‑white, with no visible aggregates or discoloration when manufactured and stored according to recommendations. Purity, as determined by reverse‑phase high‑performance liquid chromatography (RP‑HPLC), is ≥95% in standard preparations. Many synthesis runs routinely exceed 97% purity, and the exact figure is reported on the batch‑specific Certificate of Analysis.
Solubility and Reconstitution
The lyophilized powder is soluble in sterile water and in a variety of buffered solutions commonly used in cell biology, such as phosphate‑buffered saline (PBS) or HEPES buffers. Solubility can be influenced by pH and ionic strength; researchers typically confirm solubility under their specific experimental conditions. Upon reconstitution, the peptide should be clear and free of particulates. For long‑term storage of reconstituted aliquots, laboratories often add a carrier protein or other stabilizer if permitted by the protocol, but this is determined by the end user.
Research Applications in Mitochondrial Science
The availability of highly pure MOTS‑c bulk powder for research enables a broad spectrum of hypothesis‑driven inquiries. All experimental work is performed in vitro or in accepted laboratory models, without any human or veterinary application.
Mitochondrial Stress Response and Signaling
A primary area of investigation centers on the role of MOTS‑c in the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) and in retrograde communication. In cultured cells exposed to metabolic challenges, MOTS‑c has been shown to modulate the expression of nuclear‑encoded mitochondrial protective genes. These studies often employ quantitative PCR and protein blotting to measure changes in stress‑responsive transcription factors.
Metabolic Regulation in Cellular Models
Multiple peer‑reviewed publications have described effects of synthetic MOTS‑c on glucose utilization and lipid oxidation in myotube and hepatocyte cell lines. For example, investigators have treated differentiated C2C12 myotubes with nanomolar concentrations of MOTS‑c and observed AMP‑activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, along with increased glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) translocation to the plasma membrane. Such experiments are conducted entirely in controlled culture systems to probe signaling events.
Investigation of Insulin Sensitivity and Glucose Metabolism
In vitro models of insulin resistance—induced by high‑lipid or high‑glucose incubation—are frequently used to evaluate peptide‑mediated restoration of insulin signaling components, including insulin receptor substrate‑1 (IRS‑1) and Akt phosphorylation. Researchers employ MOTS‑c in these models to dissect pathways without implying any therapeutic intent. The peptide is also used in co‑treatment studies with metabolic stressors to examine adaptive responses.
Oxidative Phosphorylation and Reactive Oxygen Species Analysis
Mitochondrial respiration assays (Seahorse analysis) with adherent cell lines have been performed to assess oxygen consumption rates following MOTS‑c exposure. Some laboratory findings report changes in basal and maximal respiration, as well as spare respiratory capacity. Simultaneously, fluorescent probes have been used to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, providing insight into how MOTS‑c may influence redox balance under conditions of nutrient excess or deprivation. All such data are generated in isolated cellular systems.
Quality Control and Purity Specifications
To ensure reproducibility in research, each batch of MOTS‑c bulk powder for research is subjected to rigorous analytical characterization. This quality assurance framework aligns with the expectations of institutional laboratories and pharmaceutical‑grade research supply.
- High‑Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Purity is assessed by RP‑HPLC at a wavelength of 220 nm. The target purity is ≥95%, and the actual value is documented in the batch record.
- Mass Spectrometry (MS): Electrospray ionization (ESI‑MS) or matrix‑assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI‑MS) is used to confirm the molecular weight. The observed mass must fall within ±1 Da of the theoretical monoisotopic mass.
- Certificate of Analysis (CoA): A detailed CoA is supplied with every bulk order, listing the HPLC purity, MS identity, peptide content, and residual solvent levels. This document enables end users to cross‑reference data for their own compliance.
- Endotoxin and Bioburden Testing: Endotoxin levels are measured by Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay, with limits typically set at <1.0 EU/mg. Microbial contamination is screened via standard compendial methods, ensuring the product is suitable for sterile cell culture work.
- Stability Verification: Accelerated and real‑time stability studies are conducted under recommended storage conditions. Data demonstrate that the lyophilized peptide retains purity and biological activity in assay systems for the stated shelf life when properly handled.
Handling and Storage Guidelines
Proper handling is essential to maintain the integrity of MOTS‑c in laboratory workflows. The following recommendations are derived from stability data and general peptide best practices.
- Storage of Lyophilized Powder: Unopened vials should be stored at ‑20°C or lower in a desiccated environment, protected from light and moisture. Under these conditions, the peptide is stable for the duration indicated on the product label.
- Reconstitution: Prior to opening, allow the vial to equilibrate to room temperature in a desiccator to prevent condensation. Reconstitute with a suitable sterile buffer (e.g., sterile water, PBS, or weak acid solution) at a concentration suitable for the intended assay. Gentle swirling rather than vortexing helps avoid aggregation.
- Avoid Repeated Freeze‑Thaw Cycles: If the entire stock is not used at once, aliquot the reconstituted solution into single‑use portions and store at ≤‑20°C. Repeated freeze‑thawing can lead to peptide degradation and loss of activity.
- Sterile Technique: Whenever the powder or solution is accessed, work in a biological safety cabinet using aseptic methods to minimize microbial contamination. This is especially critical for long‑term cell‑based investigations.
- Disposal: Any unused material should be discarded in accordance with the institutional biosafety guidelines and local regulations governing laboratory waste disposal.
Packaging and Bulk Ordering Information
MOTS‑c bulk powder for research is supplied in a range of sizes to accommodate small‑scale laboratory testing through to large‑volume purchasing by distributors and core facilities. All packaging is designed to preserve peptide stability during shipment and storage.
- Standard Bulk Sizes: Quantities of 10 mg, 50 mg, and 100 mg are routinely available from inventory. Larger quantities, such as 500 mg or 1 g, can be produced upon request for long‑term study programs.
- Vial Configuration: The lyophilized powder is filled into sealed, borosilicate glass vials under an inert gas (e.g., argon or nitrogen) to minimize oxidation. Vials are then stoppered and crimped or screw‑capped, depending on the specification.
- Custom Synthesis and Packaging: For investigators requiring specific net peptide content, custom aliquoting, or labeling for automation platforms, many suppliers offer tailored services. These arrangements can include specific buffer exchanges, lyophilization from custom solvents, or inclusion of stabilizers.
- Target Purchasers: This product is directed at research institutions, pharmaceutical laboratories, and authorized distributors. It is not available for direct consumer sale, and all orders are subject to verification that the end user is a legitimate laboratory entity. Export and import documentation is provided in compliance with international chemical regulations.
Nota: Solo para uso en investigación: All products described, including MOTS‑c bulk powder, are intended solely for laboratory research purposes. They are not manufactured for use as drugs, medical devices, or diagnostics, and must not be administered to humans or animals. End users bear full responsibility for ensuring that their handling and experimental use comply with all applicable laws, regulations, and institutional policies.
Solo para uso en investigación. No apto para uso humano ni veterinario.
